| Bengali literature | |
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Bengali literature (Bengali: বাংলা সাহিত্য, Bāņglā Sāhiţyo) denotes the body of writings in the Bengali language in South Asia. The earliest extant work in Bengali literature is Charyapada, the Buddhist mystic songs dated to the 10th and 11th centuries. The Turkish invasion of 1199 disrupted all literary activity until the mid-14th century. Thereafter, the timeline of Bengali literature is divided into two periods − medieval (1360-1800) and modern (after 1800).
Medieval Bengali literature consists of various poetic genres like Mangalkavya, translations of Sanskrit texts, Vaishnava Padavali, biographies of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and secular texts by Muslim poets etc.
Novels and Epics were introduced to Bengali literature in the mid-19th century. Rabindranath Tagore, poet, playwright, novelist, painter, essayist, musician, and social reformer, is the best known figure of Bengali literature to the world. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. After the post-partition era, Bengali literature comprises literature of erstwhile East Pakistan and modern-day Bangladesh and of Paschimbanga (West Bengal).
The first works in Bengali, written in Old Bengali,[1] appeared between 10th and 12th centuries C.E. It is generally known as the Charyapada. These are mystic songs composed by various Buddhist seer-poets: Luipada, Kanhapada, Kukkuripada, Chatilpada, Bhusukupada, Kamlipada, Dhendhanpada, Shantipada, Shabarapada etc. The famous Bengali linguist Harprashad Shastri discovered the palm leaf Charyapada manuscript in the Nepal Royal Court Library in 1907.
Pre-Chaitanya or Early Vaishnava literature denotes the literature of the time preceding the time of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, the founder of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. These include: Sri Krishna Kritana by Boru Chandidas; lyrical poems, known as the Vaishnava Padavali of Vidyapati and Chandidas; Sri Krishna Vijaya, the partial translation of Bhagavata Purana by Maladhar Basu and Krittivasi Ramayana by Krittivas Ojha.
Basanta Ranjan Roy Bidyatvallava discovered the torn manuscript of the Sri Krishna Kirtana from the cowshed of Debendranath Chatterjee's house at Kakinlya village, Bankura district in modern-day Paschimbanga (West Bengal). Sri Krishna Kirtana was written by Boru Chandidas in the later half of 14th century CE. It is considered as the second oldest work of Bengali literature after Charyapada.
The 15th century is marked by the emergence of Vaishnava lyrical poetry or the padavali in Bengal. The poetry of Vidyapati, the great Maithili poet, though not written in Bengali, influenced the literature of the time so greatly that it makes him a vital part of Middle Bengali literature. He flourished in the modern-day Darbhanga district of Bihar, India in the 14th century. His Vaishnava lyrics became very popular among the masses of Bengal. The first major Bengali poet to write Vaishnava lyrics was Chandidas, who belong to the modern-day Birbhum district (or, according to another opinion, Bankura district), Paschimbanga in the 15th century. Chandidas is also known for his humanist proclamation—"Sabar upare manush satya, tahar upare nai" ("সবার উপরে মানুষ সত্য, তাহার উপরে নাই।")—"The supreme truth is man, there is noting more important than he is." Works of both Vidyapati and Chandidas, along with Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda were known to the favourites of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.
The Bengali translations of two great Sanskrit texts the Ramayana and the Bhagavata Purana played a crucial role in the development of Middle Bengali literature. Maladhar Basu’s Sri Krishna Vijaya (শ্রীকৃষ্ণবিজয়, Triumph of Lord Krishna), which is chiefly a translation of the 10th and 11th cantos of the Bhagavata Purana, is the earliest Bengali narrative poem that can be assigned to a definite date.[2] Maladhar Basu flourished in the modern-day Bardhaman district of Paschimbanga in the 15th century.[2] Composed between 1473 and 1480 C.E.,[3] it is also the oldest Bengali narrative poem of the Krishna legend.[2] The Ramayana, under the title of Sri Rama Panchali, more popularly known as the Krittivasi Ramayana, was translated by Krittivas Ojha who belonged to the modern-day Nadia district, Paschimbanga.[4] He also, like Maladhar Basu, flourished in the 15th century.[4]
Post-Chaitanya or Late Vaishnava literature denotes the literature of the time succeceding the time of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. These include: biographies of Chaitanya by Gaudiya Vaishnava scholar-poets and later Vaishnava Padavali with a special sub-genre based on the life of Chaitanya. Major figures of the Late Vaishnava literature are Krishnadasa Kaviraja, Vrindavana Dasa Thakura, Jayananda, Govindadasa, Jnandada, Balaram Dasa etc.
Mangal-Kāvya (মঙ্গলকাব্য, "Poems of Benediction"), a group of Hindu narrative poetry, composed more or less between 13th Century and 18th Century, eulogise the indigenous deities of rural Bengal in the social scenario of the Middle Ages. Manasā Mangal, Chandī Mangal and Dharma Mangal, the three major genus of Mangal-Kāvya tradition include the portrayal of the magnitude of Manasā , Chandī and Dharmathakur, who are are considered the greatest among all the native divinities in Bengal, respectively. There are also minor Mangalkāvyas known as Shivāyana, Kālikā Mangal, Rāya Mangal, Shashtī Mangal, Sītalā Mangal and Kamalā Mangal etc. Majore poets of Mangalkavya tradition are Mukundaram Chakrabarty, Bijay Gupta, Rupram Chakrabarty etc.
In the middle of 19th century, Bengali literature gained momentum. During this period, the Bengali Pandits of Fort William College did the tedious work of translating the text books in Bengali to help teach the British some Indian languages including Bengali. This work played a role in the background in the evolution of Bengali prose. In 1814, Raja Ram Mohan Roy arrived in Calcutta and engaged in literary pursuits. Translating from Sanskrit to Bengali, writing essays on religious topics and publishing magazines were some the areas he focussed on. He established a cultural group in the name of 'Atmiya Sabha' (Club of Kins) in 1815. Another significant contributor of Bengali literature in its early stage was Ishwar Chandra Bandyopadhyaya.
In 1857, the famous 'Sipahi Bidroha' (Sepoy Mutiny) took place. With the wind of it, 'Nil Bidroho' (Indigo Revolt) scattered all over then Bengal region. This Nil Bidroha lasted for more than a year (In 1859-1860). The literature world was shaken with this revolt. In the light of this revolt, a great drama was published from Dhaka in the name of 'Neel Dorpon' (The Indigo Mirror). Dinabandhu Mitra was the writer of this play.
In this time, Michael Madhusudan Dutt emerged as the first epic-poet of modern Bangla literature. Dutt, a Christian by conversion, is best known for his Ramayana-based masterpiece, "The Slaying of Meghnadh," (in Bengali "Meghnadh Bodh Kabyo" (মেঘনাদ বধ কাব্য)), which essentially follows in the poetic tradition of Milton's Paradise Lost. Those who have read it consider this work a world-class epic poem of the modern era. Michael Madhusudan Dutta is also credited with the introduction of sonnets to Bangla literature. He ruled the Bangla literature world for more than a decade (1858–1863). Dutt can also be credited to be a pioneer of the blank verse in Bengali literature. His style was deemed as "Amitrakshar Chhanda".
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (1838–1894) is considered one the leading Bengali novelist and essayist of the 19th century. His first novel Durgeshnandini, which is also the first major novel in Bengali literature, was published in 1865.[5] He wrote "Vande Mātāram", the national song of India, which appears in his other novel "Anandamath".[5] His other novels include: Kapalkundala, Bishabriksha, Krishnakanter Will, Rajsingha, Devi Chaudhurani etc.[5] Bankim Chandra critically analyse the Bhagavat Gita and the problems of Krishnaism on a historical perspective in his Dharmatattva (1888) and Krishna Charitra (1882).[5] Kamalakanter Daptar (1975) is one of his best known humorous sketches.[5]
Bangla literature also become rich with its variations. It started to spread its different branches also. in poetry Ishwar Chandra Gupta, Biharilal Chakraborty, Kaykobad, in novel Romesh Chunder Dutt, Mir Mosharraf Hossain, in plays Girish Chandra Ghosh and Dwijendralal Ray, in essays Akshay Kumar Boral, Ramendra Sundar Tribedi and many others contributed to enrich Bangla literature in this time.
A lot of literature magazines and newspapers started to come under day light. A number of educational institutes appears all over the region. This helps a lot to nurture the future author and poets of Bangla language.
Pre-Tagore era also saw an undercurrent of popular literature which was based on daily lifestyle of contemporary Bengal. The prose style as well as the humour in these stories were often crass & blunt. A masterpiece in this regard was "Hutom Pechar Naksha" (The sketch of Owl) written by Kaliprasanna Singha. It depicts a witty & vivid description of the "Babu" culture in 19th century Kolkata. Other notable mentions in this regard are "Alaler Ghorer Dulal" (The spoilt brat) by Peary Chand Mitra, "Ramtanu Lahiri o tatkalin Banga shamaj" (Ramtanu Lahiri & contemporary Bengali society) by Nyaymohan Tarkalankar, "Naba Babu Bilas" & "Naba Bibi Bilas" by Bhabanicharan Bandopadhyay. These books arguably portrayed contemporary Bengali dialect & society promptly, along with the now extinct music genres of Khisti, Kheur & Kabiyal gaan by stalwarts like Rupchand Pakhi, Bhola Moyra. Books like these will become rarer once Tagore's restarined & cultured approach impressed the Bengali society.[6]
Possibly the most prolific writer in Bangla is Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. Tagore dominated both the Bengali and Indian philosophical and literary scene for decades. His 2,000 Rabindrasangeets play a pivotal part in defining Bengali culture, both in West Bengal and Bangladesh. He is the author of the national anthems of both India and Bangladesh, both composed in Bangla. Other notable Bangla works of his are Gitanjali, a book of poems for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913, and many short stories and a few novels. It is widely accepted that Bangla Literature accomplished its contemporary look by the writings and influence of Rabindranath.
In the fields of Drama and Satire, he influenced and created a very worthy posterity of him in Natyaguru Nurul Momen. Nurul Momen was an educationist, playwright, director, humorist, lawyer, broadcaster, philanthropist and essayist of Bangladesh. He is recognized as the pioneer of modern Bengali drama,"acting as a bridge between earlier and later playwrights in terms of content and style", and even referred to as the "Father of Bangladeshi theater".
In a similar category is Kazi Nazrul Islam, who was invited to post-partition Bangladesh as the National Poet (he had been suffering from dementia and aphasia since 1942) and whose work transcends sectarian boundaries. Adored by Bengalis both in Bangladesh and West Bengal, his work includes 3,000 songs, known as both as nazrul geeti and "nazrul sangeet". He is frequently called the "rebel poet" mainly because of his most famous and electrifying poem "Bidrohi" or "The Rebel", and also because of his strong sympathy and support for revolutionary activities leading to India's independence from British Rule. His songs and poems were frequently used during the Bangladesh Liberation War as well. Though he is acknowledged as the rebel poet, Nazrul very effectively contributed in all branches of literature. He wrote poems that light the fire against inequality or injustice and at the same time is known for his poignant romantic poems as well. He wrote a lot of Islami Ghazals and in the same time wrote a number of Shyama Sangeet (songs for the Hindu Mother Goddess, Kali). Nazrul was not only a poet, he was writer, musician, journalist and philosopher. He was sent to jail for his literary works against the then prevailing British rule.
After Rabindranath Tagore, two dramatists radically brought about a major change in Bangla theatre. One was Nurul Momen and the other was Bijon Bhattacharya. Nurul Momen created the first modern and experimental plays from East Bengal, which later became East Pakistan and subsequently, Bangladesh. Nurul Momen (Bangla: নুরুল মোমেন) (November 25, 1908 – February 16, 1990), also known as Natyaguru (নাট্যগুরু), was an educationist, playwright, director, humorist, lawyer, broadcaster, philanthropist and essayist of Bangladesh. He is recognized as the pioneer of modern Bengali drama, "acting as a bridge between earlier and later playwrights in terms of content and style", and even referred to as the "Father of Bangladeshi theatre".
Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay was one of the most popular novelists of early 20th century whose speciality was exploring life and sufferings of women in contemporary rural Bengal. His sympathy towards the common rural folks in "pallisamaj" and a trademark simplified Bengali as a writing style made him one of the most popular writer in his time. Even long after his death many Bengali and Bollywood blockbusters were based on his novels. After him Tarashankar Bandopadhyay, Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay, Manik Bandopadhyay, are the three Bandopadhyays who broke out into a new era of realistic writing style. Where the two of the above Bibhutibhusan and Manik had long standing influence on the two of the most brilliant film directors from Bengal, Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghatak respectively. Other famous Bengali novelists are Humayun Ahmed, Jagadish Gupta, Satinath Bhaduri, Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay (Banophool), Shawkat Osman, Saradindu Bandopadhyay, Kamal Kumar Majumdar, Sunil Gangopadhyay, Syed Shamsul Haque , Akhteruzzaman Elias, Sandipan Chattopadhyay, Shumotho Nath Ghosh, Gagendra Kumar Mitra, Bimal Mitra, Bimal Kar, Samaresh Basu, Mani Shankar Mukherjee (Shankar), etc. Humayun Ahmed is one of the most popular Bengali writer of fiction and drama. Humayun Ahmed had a meteoric rise in Bangla literature. His first novel, Nondito Noroke was written while he was still a student of the University of Dhaka, gained immediate popularity and critical acclaim. Equally successful was his second novel, Shankhanil Karagar (tr: "The Conch-blue Prison"), later made into a successful film by Nasiruddin Yusuf. Humayun Ahmed went on to become one of the most prolific writers in Bengali literature.Humayun Ahmed often shows a fascination for creating stories around supernatural events; his style is characterized as magic realism.Seeds of Bengali science fiction could be observed in the writings of Jagadish Chandra Bose, which was later put into a definite genre by writers such as Jagadananda Roy, Hemlal Dutta, Begum Roquia Sakhawat Hussain,Mohammad Hedayetullah,Quazi Imdadul Haq and Premendra Mitra, Satyajit Ray. Professor Muhammed Zafar Iqbal is the most popular science-fiction writer in bengali literature. Humayun Ahmed and Abdullah-Al-Muti are also very popular in this genre.Satyajit Ray is also notable for his short stories where he revives the tradition of Thakurmar Jhuli into a mixture of fantasy, mystery, science, and fairy tale.regional novel also very rich Tarashankar Bandyopadhyaya manoj basu,amalendu chakrabarty Phalguni Bhattacharyya(Madhugayen sakin ratanpur)etc
Bengali literature is also famous for short stories. Some of the famous short story writers are Rabindranath Tagore, Manik Bandopadhyay, Jagadish Gupta, Tarashankar Bandopadhyay, Bibhuti Bhushan Bandopadhyay, Rajshekhar Basu (Parasuram), Premendra Mitra, Kamal Kumar Majumdar, Shibram Chakrabarti, Saradindu Bandopadhyay, Subodh Ghosh, Narendranath Mitra,Ramapada Chowdhury, Jyotirindra Nandi, Bimal Kar, Narayan Gangopadhyay, Shumotho Nath Ghosh, Gagendra Kumar Mitra, Santosh Ghosh, Debesh Roy, Anish Deb, Abhijnan Roychowdhury, Satyajit Ray, Lila Majumder, Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, Ratan Lal Basu, Sandipan Chattopadhyay, Basudeb Dasgupta, Subimal Mishra, Arupratan Basu, Aboni Dhar, Nabarun Bhattacharya, Syed Waliullah, Shawkat Osman, Showkat Ali, Mohammad Salahuddin(Abon), Akhtaruzzaman Ilias, Dipak Barua, Mahmudul Huq, Hasan Azizul Huq, Shahidul Zahir etc.
Dwijendralal Ray, Jatindramohan Bagchi, Kumud Ranjan Mullick, Kazi Nazrul Islam,Ashraf Ali Khan, Farrukh Ahmad, Jibanananda Das, along with Buddhadeva Bose, marks the beginning of the major move to transcend the Tagore legacy . Even though Jibanananda went through a turbulent and difficult financial troubles and met an unfortunate accident claiming his life early in his writing career, he remains to be the most influential poet of post-Rabindranath era. The new genre of Bengali poets departed considerably from Tagore's ideological style and adopted various themes and philosophies such as Marxism, Freudian interpretation of mind, which were avoided and often criticized by Rabindranath Tagore. These three marked the beginning of the era that will burst with activities and urge to merge with the greater world of poetry absorbing elements from them. Commonly called "polli-kobi" (pastoral poet) Jasimuddin, Shamsur Rahman, widely known for his 'playing with words' are also notable.
Seminal Hindu religious works in Bangla include the many songs of Ramprasad Sen. His works (still sung today) from the 17th century cover an astonishing range of emotional responses to the goddess Kali, detailing complex philosophical statements based on Vedanta teachings and more visceral pronouncements of his love of the goddess. They are known as Shyama Sangeet and were the literary inspiration for Kazi Nazrul Islam's later, famed Shyama Sangeet. There are also the laudatory accounts of the lives and teachings of the Vaishnava saint Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (the Choitanyo Choritāmrit) and Shri Ramakrishna (the Ramakrishna Kathamrita, translated roughly as Gospel of Ramakrishna). There is also a large body of Islamic literature, that can be traced back at least to Noornama by Abdul Hakim. Bishad Sindhu depicting the death of Hussain in Karbala is very popular novel written by Mir Mosharraf Hossain. Later works influenced by Islam include devotional songs written by Nazrul, and popularized by Abbas Uddin, among others.
The mystic Bauls of the Bengal countryside who preached the boundless spiritual truth of Sôhoj Pôth (the Simple, Natural Path) and Moner Mānush (A person of The Heart) drew on Vedantic philosophy to propound transcendental truths in song format, traveling from village to village proclaiming that there was no such thing as Hindu, Muslim or Christian, only moner mānush.
The literature discussed so far can be more or less regarded as the common heritage of both Bangladesh and West Bengal. Since the partition of Bengal in 1947, the east and west parts of Bengal have also developed their own distinctive literatures. For example, the Naxalite movement has influenced much of West Bengal's literature, whereas the Liberation War has had a similarly profound impact on Bangladeshi literature.
Natyaguru Nurul Momen, Syed Waliullah, Shahidullah Kaisar, Shawkat Osman, Ahsan Habib, Abul Hossain, Farrukh Ahmed, Syed Ali Ahsan, Shamsur Rahman, Syed Shamsul Haque, Mahmud Nurul Momen, Abu Zafar Obaidullah, Sufia Kamal, Al Mahmud, Abubakar Siddique, Ghulam Murshid, Hasan Azizul Huq, Selina Hossain, Arunabh Sarkar, Shawkat Ali, Akhtaruzzaman Ilias, Rafiq Azad, Nirmalendu Goon, Taslima Nasrin, Mahadev Saha, Abul Hasan, Dipak Barua, Humayun Azad, Abid Azad, Sikdar Aminul Haq, Bimal Guha, Shaheedul Jahir, Humayun Ahmed, Helal Muhammad Abu Taher,Imdadul Haque Milon, Hasan Hafizur Rahman, Shaheed Quaderi, Robbani Chowdhury, Abu Hasan Shahriar, Khondakar Ashraf Hossain, Hassanal Abdullah, Rahman Henry, Helal Hafiz, Azeezul Haq, Omar Ali, kafi kamal and to name a few.
Nihar Ranjan Gupta, Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay, Sunil Gangopadhyay, Nabaneeta Dev Sen, Syed Mustafa Siraj, Baren Gangopadhyay, Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, Amiya Bhushan Mazumdar, Samaresh Basu, Debesh Roy, Atin Bandyopadhyay, Ramapada Choudhury, Sandipan Chattopadhyay, Shakti Chattopadhyay, Mahasweta Devi, Moti Nandi, Bimal Kar, Chandi Mondal, Narayan Gangopadhyay, Shankar, Suchitra Bhattacharya, Krishanu Bandyopadhyay, Bani Basu, Buddhadeb Guha, Karunasindhu Dey, Jyotsnamoy Ghosh, Abdul Jabbar, Avijit Sen, Amar Mitra, Jiban Sarkar, Samar DebTarashis Gangopadhyay,Satyajit Ray etc.
Rajshekhar Basu (1880-1860) was the best known writer of satiric short story in Bengali literature.[7] He mocked the charlatanism and vileness of various classes of the Bengali society in his stories written under the pseudonym "Parashuram".[7] His major works include: Gaddalika (1924), Kajjwali (1927), Hanumaner Swapna (1937), Gamanush Jatir Katha (1945), Dhusturimaya Ityadi Galpa (1952), Krishnakali Ittadi Galpa (1953), Niltara Ittadi Galpa (1956), Anandibai Ittadi Galpa (1958) and Chamatkumari Ittadi Galpa (1959). He received the Rabindra Puraskar, the highest literary award of Paschimbanga in 1955 for Krishnakali Ityadi Galpa.[8] Rajsheskhar was also a noted lexicographer, translator and essayist. His Chalantika (1937) is one of the most popular concise Bengali dictionaries, while his Bengali-language translations of Meghaduta (1943), the Ramayana (1946), the Mahabharata (1949) and the Bhagavat Gita (1961) are also acclaimed.[7] His major essays are included in Laghuguru (1939) and Bichinta (1955).[7]
Important novelists and short story writers of post-independence West Bengal are Jagadish Gupta (1886-1957), Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay (1889-1971), Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay (1894-1950), Premendra Mitra (1904-1988), Manik Bandyopadhyay (1908-1956), Balaichand Mukhopadhyay (Bonophul) (1899-1979), Bibhutibhushan Mukhopadhyay (1894-1987), Dhurjatiprasad Mukhopadhyay (1894-1961), Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay (1899-1970), Shailajananda Mukhopadhyay (1900-1975), Saroj Kumar Roy Chowdhury (1902-1972), Manoj Basu (1901-1987), Achintya Kumar Sengupta (1903-1986), Annadashankar Roy (1904-2002), Buddhadeb Basu (1908-1974), Probodh Kumar Sanyal (1907-1983), Satinath Bhaduri (1906-1965), Narayan Gangopadhyay (1918-1970) and Subodh Ghosh (1900-1980). Noted poets of this age are Jibanananda Das (1899-1954), Premendra Mitra, Buddhadeb Basu, Achintya Kumar Sengupta, Sudhindranath Dutta (1901-1960), Bishnu Dey (1909-1982), Amiya Chakrabarty (1901-1986), Ajit Dutta (1907-1979), Samar Sen (1916-1987), Subhas Mukhopadhyay (1919-2003) and Sukanta Bhattacharya (1926-1947). Major dramatists include: Jogesh Chowdhury (1889-1948), Manmatha Roy (1899-1988), Sachin Sengupta (1892-1961), Mahendra Gupta (1910-1984), Bonophul, Bidhayak Bhattacharya (1907-1986), Bijan Bhattacharya (1915-1978) and Tulsi Lahiri (1897-1959). Prominent prose-writers of this age are Atul Chandra Gupta (1884-1961), Srikumar Bandyopadhyay (1892-1970), Suniti Kumar Chattopadhyay (1890-1977), Brajendranath Bandyopadhyay (1891-1952), Dhurjatiprasad Mukhopadhyay, Sajanikanta Das (1900-1962), Sukumar Sen (1900-1992), Sashibhushan Dasgupta (1903-1983) and Pramathanath Bishi (1901-1985).
There has been only one pathbreaking literary movement in West Bengal, namely The Hungry generation or Hungryalism. The famous poets of this movement are Malay Roy Choudhury, Shakti Chattopadhyay, Benoy Majumdar, Samir Roychoudhury, Falguni Roy, Saileswar Ghose, Pradip Chowdhuri, Subo Acharya, Arunesh Ghose, Tridib Mitra. The fiction writers are Sandipan Chattopadhyay, Basudeb Dasgupta, Subimal Basak, Malay Roy Choudhury and Samir Roychoudhury. The painters are Anil Karanjai and Karunanidhan Mukhopadhyay. In 2011 director Srijit Mukherji incorporated the Hungry generation movement into mainstream cinema when he directed Baishe Srabon wherein famous film director Gautam Ghose portrayed the role of an anti-establishment Hungryalist poet.
Prakalpana Movement, branded by Steve LeBlanc, the noted US critic, as 'a tiny literary revolution', 'nurtured' by Kolkata, has been fostering its new genres of Prakalpana fiction, Sarbangin poetry and Chetanavyasism for over four decades, spearheaded by Vattacharja Chandan, beginning in 1969. It is probably the only bilingual (Bengali -English) literary movement in India mothered by Bengali literature, that has spread its wings world wide through the participation of well known international avant-garde writers and mail artists such as Richard Kostelanetz, John M. Bennett, Sheila Murphy, Don Webb, John Light, Carla Bertola &c, with notable Bengali poets, writers and artists like Vattacharja Chandan, Dilip Gupta, Asish Deb, Bablu Roy Choudhury, Syamoli Mukherjee Bhattacharjee, Boudhayan Mukhopadhyay, Ramratan mukhopadhyay, Nikhil Bhaumik, Utpal, Arun Chakraborty, Abhijit Ghosh,Niva De etc.[9]
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